What is the naming standard for path components?

I think your search for a “standard” naming convention will be in vain. Here are my proposals, based on existing, well-known programs:

A) C:\users\OddThinking\Documents\My Source\Widget\foo.src
                                                   ---

Vim calls it file root (:help filename-modifiers)

B) C:\users\OddThinking\Documents\My Source\Widget\foo.src
                                                   -------

file name or base name

C) C:\users\OddThinking\Documents\My Source\Widget\foo.src
                                                       ___ (without dot)

file/name extension

D) C:\users\OddThinking\Documents\My Source\Widget\foo.src
                                                      ____ (with dot)

also file extension. Simply store without the dot, if there is no dot on a file, it has no extension

E) C:\users\OddThinking\Documents\My Source\Widget\foo.src
   -----------------------------------------

top of the tree
No convention, git calls it base directory

F) C:\users\OddThinking\Documents\My Source\Widget\foo.src
                                            --------------

path from top of the tree to the leaf
relative path

G) C:\users\OddThinking\Documents\My Source\Widget\foo.src
                                            ------

one node of the tree
no convention, maybe a simple directory

H) C:\users\OddThinking\Documents\My Source\Widget\foo.src
   ------------------------------------------------

dir name

I) C:\users\OddThinking\Documents\My Source\Widget\foo.src
   -------------------------------------------------------

full/absolute path

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