The documentation for ACTION_INSTALL_PACKAGE is incorrect. It too will only accept files.
My only suggestion would therefore be to create a copy of the file in the applications file area, make it world readable, and clean up any left-over files at a later date.
Previous incorrect answer: In 4.0 and above there is a
ACTION_INSTALL_PACKAGE which will accept a content:// URI
(JavaDoc), but, prior to that, you’re limited to installing via
ACTION_VIEW which does assume the URI passed is a file:// URI.