I don’t know that there is a way to automatically refresh the cache without manually pressing Ctrl+Shift+R (or equivalent, e.g. the menu). The reason is that when the app talks to the database too much, people complain that it is too chatty (perhaps someone could write a simple add-in that does this – using something like query notifications to indicate something has changed in the metadata views?). You may also want to consider an add-on like SSMS Boost (though with a quick keyword search I see no mention of this functionality on its feature page) or SQL Prompt (but also I don’t see any evidence of this functionality in their documentation, only a mention here of an experimental feature).
I believe SQL Server Data Tools does this, but I don’t know if you can control the frequency of the refresh. And using that tool may also require a significant shift in how you think about database development.