To fix this problem, you need to have the ISO of the exact build you have installed.
- Mount the ISO image.
- Create a temporary directory to mount the Windows Image File (WIM).
mkdir C:\WIM
- Mount the WIM file.
Dism /Mount-Wim /WimFile:D:\sources\install.wim /index:1 /MountDir:C:\WIM /ReadOnly
- Run Dism with the following parameters.
Dism /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth /Source:C:\WIM\Windows /LimitAccess
- When done, unmount the image and delete the folder
Dism /Unmount-Wim /MountDir:C:\WIM /Discard
rmdir C:\WIM
- It’s mandatory to restart your computer, or SFC and DISM will still show errors.
That should fix the issue.
Edit
As pointed out in the comments, there might be a more direct approach. The TL;DR is, that it did not work for me, hence my more detailed approach. But I am interested if you had any problems with the direct approach. Please comment.