The closest equivalent to Active Directory for Linux is FreeIPA. FreeIPA is made by Redhat, and provides both LDAP and Kerberos based authentication to a Linux network…
FreeIPA is an integrated security information management solution
combining Linux (Fedora), 389 Directory Server, MIT Kerberos, NTP,
DNS, Dogtag (Certificate System). It consists of a web interface and
command-line administration tools.
Bear in mind, FreeIPA is largely Redhat only, and would take a good bit of work to get up-and-running on Debian/Ubuntu/whatever…
http://freeipa.org/page/Main_Page