Update January 2021: I wrote a four-part blog series on Kafka fundamentals that I’d recommend to read for questions like these. For this question in particular, take a look at part 3 on processing fundamentals.
Update April 2018: Nowadays you can also use ksqlDB, the event streaming database for Kafka, to process your data in Kafka. ksqlDB is built on top of Kafka’s Streams API, and it too comes with first-class support for Streams and Tables.
what is the difference between Consumer API and Streams API?
Kafka’s Streams library (https://kafka.apache.org/documentation/streams/) is built on top of the Kafka producer and consumer clients. Kafka Streams is significantly more powerful and also more expressive than the plain clients.
It’s much simpler and quicker to write a real-world application start to finish with Kafka Streams than with the plain consumer.
Here are some of the features of the Kafka Streams API, most of which are not supported by the consumer client (it would require you to implement the missing features yourself, essentially re-implementing Kafka Streams).
- Supports exactly-once processing semantics via Kafka transactions (what EOS means)
- Supports fault-tolerant stateful (as well as stateless, of course) processing including streaming joins, aggregations, and windowing. In other words, it supports management of your application’s processing state out-of-the-box.
- Supports event-time processing as well as processing based on processing-time and ingestion-time. It also seamlessly processes out-of-order data.
- Has first-class support for both streams and tables, which is where stream processing meets databases; in practice, most stream processing applications need both streams AND tables for implementing their respective use cases, so if a stream processing technology lacks either of the two abstractions (say, no support for tables) you are either stuck or must manually implement this functionality yourself (good luck with that…)
- Supports interactive queries (also called ‘queryable state’) to expose the latest processing results to other applications and services via a request-response API. This is especially useful for traditional apps that can only do request-response, but not the streaming side of things.
- Is more expressive: it ships with (1) a functional programming style DSL with operations such as
map,filter,reduceas well as (2) an imperative style Processor API for e.g. doing complex event processing (CEP), and (3) you can even combine the DSL and the Processor API. - Has its own testing kit for unit and integration testing.
See http://docs.confluent.io/current/streams/introduction.html for a more detailed but still high-level introduction to the Kafka Streams API, which should also help you to understand the differences to the lower-level Kafka consumer client.
Beyond Kafka Streams, you can also use the streaming database ksqlDB to process your data in Kafka. ksqlDB separates its storage layer (Kafka) from its compute layer (ksqlDB itself; it uses Kafka Streams for most of its functionality here). It supports essentially the same features as Kafka Streams, but you write streaming SQL statements instead of Java or Scala code. You can interact with ksqlDB via a UI, CLI, and a REST API; it also has a native Java client in case you don’t want to use REST. Lastly, if you prefer not having to self-manage your infrastructure, ksqlDB is available as a fully managed service in Confluent Cloud.
So how is the Kafka Streams API different as this also consumes from or produce messages to Kafka?
Yes, the Kafka Streams API can both read data as well as write data to Kafka. It supports Kafka transactions, so you can e.g. read one or more messages from one or more topic(s), optionally update processing state if you need to, and then write one or more output messages to one or more topics—all as one atomic operation.
and why is it needed as we can write our own consumer application using Consumer API and process them as needed or send them to Spark from the consumer application?
Yes, you could write your own consumer application — as I mentioned, the Kafka Streams API uses the Kafka consumer client (plus the producer client) itself — but you’d have to manually implement all the unique features that the Streams API provides. See the list above for everything you get “for free”. It is thus a rare circumstance that a user would pick the plain consumer client rather than the more powerful Kafka Streams library.