How does cpu communicate with peripherals?
In older architectures, peripherals were accessed via a separate mechanism to memory access with special I/O instructions. On x86, there were (and still are!) “in” and “out” instructions for transferring bytes between the CPU and a peripheral. Peripherals were given addresses, for example 0x80 for the keyboard. Simplifying a lot, doing “in 0x80” would read … Read more