You need to set DockPanel.Dock
attached property for your elements and leave TextBox
as the last element:
<RadioButton HorizontalAlignment="Stretch"
HorizontalContentAlignment="Stretch">
<DockPanel LastChildFill="True">
<TextBlock DockPanel.Dock="Left"
VerticalAlignment="Center"
Text="in location:" />
<Button DockPanel.Dock="Right"
Margin="10,0,0,0"
Padding="3,0"
Content="..." />
<TextBox Margin="10,0,0,0">
Path string
</TextBox>
</DockPanel>
</RadioButton>