I don’t know if this is most effective, but perhaps the shortest:
var A = [1, 2, 3, 4];
var B = [1, 3, 4, 7];
var diff = A.filter(function(x) {
return B.indexOf(x) < 0;
});
console.log(diff); // [2]
Updated to ES6:
const A = [1, 2, 3, 4];
const B = [1, 3, 4, 7];
const diff = A.filter(x => !B.includes(x));
console.log(diff); // [2]